1.1 What is forest restoration

Forest restoration is an adaptive process aimed at improving the ecological integrity, biodiversity, and resilience of forest ecosystems that have been degraded or altered. It involves a wide range of strategies—from natural regeneration and enrichment planting to structural diversification and soil rehabilitation—tailored to local conditions and societal needs.

Importantly, forest restoration does not always mean strict protection or the cessation of forest use. Many restoration measures can be implemented within actively managed forests that provide multiple ecosystem services, including timber and biomass production. Restoration can enhance biodiversity, climate change adaptation, and ecosystem resilience even in multifunctional landscapes.

Forest restoration is not a one-size-fits-all solution. It must be context-specific, balancing ecological goals with social and economic realities. Rather than being revolutionary, restoration is often transformative—seeking to improve forest conditions over time without undermining the livelihoods of those who depend on forest management.

Because ecosystems and societal needs evolve, restoration must be approached as a dynamic and iterative process. It requires continuous learning, monitoring, and adaptation—integrating ecological science with local knowledge and stakeholder engagement—to ensure long-term success and relevance across diverse forest types and management contexts.